The physiological principles of exercise and training, whether nutritional requirements or the concepts of interval versus endurance training, are similar for all aerobic exercise including recumbent and upright bicycles. The differences are in the aerodynamics, the mechanical leverage to power the pedals, and the stresses placed on the rider's body (musculoskeletal system).

Differences in musculoskeletal stress include:

• Less use of muscles of the upper body to provide the resistance for the lower legs as they power the pedals.

• Protection of the shoulders, elbows, and wrists from the weight of the upper body on the handle bars.

• An increase in "soreness " in the hips and legs.

• Less problems with boils, ingrown hairs, and saddle sores on the bum.

• A decrease in perineal pressure from the saddle spares the nether regions in women and decreases penile numbness in men.